A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Shakespeare, 1595)

Setting: Athens, ancient times.

Act One
Scene 1: Theseus’ palace. Theseus and Hippolyta happily discuss their upcoming wedding. Theseus tells his Master of Revels, Philostrate, to rile up the public to make merry for the celebration. He tells his fiancee: “Hippolyta, I woo’d thee with my sword, / And won thy love, doing thee injuries; / But I will wed thee in another key, / With pomp with triumph and with revelling.” Egeus enters with Hermia, Lysander, Demetrius, and a complaint: he has arranged a marriage between his daughter Hermia and Demetrius, but Hermia has been wooed by Lysander and now refuses to marry anyone else. Although Hermia insists that her love for Lysander is real, Theseus gravely informs her that if she does not follow her father’s will, she will be sent to a nunnery. Hermia stubbornly accepts this, and Theseus tells her that she has until his own wedding day and she must then choose between death, marriage to Demetrius, and the nunnery. Lysander likewise refuses to give Hermia up, and tells Egeus that Demetrius has seduced Helena. Theseus sweeps out to discuss marriage business and most of the others follow, leaving Lysander and Hermia alone. They complain about their plight, but Lysander has a plan: he has a widowed aunt who lives far from the reaches of Athens. If Hermia will agree to meet him in the woods the following night, they can go to his aunt’s house and be married there. Hermia happily agrees, but they are interrupted by the entrance of Helena, who is distraught that Demetrius does not love her and only has eyes for Hermia. Hermia comforts her by telling her all about her and Lysander’s plan. They leave Helena alone, who is still upset – until she has the idea to win favour with Demetrius by telling him about Hermia’s intended flight.
Scene 2: Cottage. The actors have gathered to receive their parts for their play, Pyramus and Thisby. Bottom the weaver has been cast as the tragical lover Pyramus, but he would much rather play a warrior, and is keen to also play the parts of Thisby and the lion. They discuss costuming (Bottom wants to wear an extravagant fake beard), and then Peter Quince, the director, hands out the parts and suggests that they all meet to rehearse in the woods the following night.

Act Two
Scene 1: Woodland. Puck and a Fairy meet and describe their adventures. Puck says that his master, King Oberon, wants Queen Titania’s changeling child (a young Indian prince) for himself, but she refuses to give him up. As a result, the royal couple are arguing. He then discusses all the pranks that he is known to play.
Scene 2: Woodland. Oberon and Titania meet and argue, she refusing to give up her prince. She sweeps off and Oberon calls Puck to him, He tells him about a certain flower that can induce a love-spell, and tells Puck to fetch it for him. Puck leaves, promising to return soon, and Oberon reflects on his plan to make Titania fall in love with the first thing she sees so that he can take the prince from her. Demetrius and Helena enter, and he becomes invisible to watch them. Demetrius is on the trail of Hermia and Lysander and is trying to shake off Helena. She refuses to leave him, telling him that even as he is cruel to her, she loves him. They wander off and Puck returns. Oberon tells Puck to put the juice of the flower in Titania’s eyes while she sleeps, and to do the same with the Athenian youth he has just encountered.
Scene 3: Woodland. Titania’s fairies sing her to sleep. Oberon enters and squeezes the juice from the flower into her eyes and tells her to wake only when a foul beast is near. Lysander and Hermia enter, tired from their night of travelling. They lie down to sleep a little way from one another, for modesty’s sake. Puck enters and assumes that Lysander and Hermia are the couple he has been looking for, so he squeezes the flower’s juice into Lysander’s eyes and leaves. Demetrius and Helena then enter, running, but she cannot keep up with him and so collapses on the ground while he runs off. She laments her fate, but then sees Lysander asleep and wakes him. He sits up – and falls madly in love with her! She assumes that he is making fun of her and leaves; he follows close behind, speaking of his newfound hatred of Hermia. Hermia then awakes from a bad dream. She realises that Lysander is gone and hurries off to look for him.

Act Three
Scene 1: Woodland. The actors gather near to where Titania sleeps. Bottom has many complaints about the play; he is concerned that the ladies will be scared if Pyramus is seen to kill himself, and if they see the lion. These problems are resolved, but new ones appear: how to stage the moonlight and the wall? They decide to use natural moonlight and that they will have a man act the part of the wall. The rehearsal can now begin, but Puck enters and decides to have some fun. After Bottom has made his first speech, he leads him out and replaces his head with that of an ass. He then leads him back to the other actors, who flee in terror. Bottom is deeply insulted and wanders around, singing, and wakes Titania – who is enthralled by him: “What angel wakes me from my flowery bed?” She praises his beauty and wit, demands that he stay with her in the woods, and orders her fairies to treat him well. He introduces himself to them and is led away to Titania’s bower.
Scene 2: Woodland. Oberon asks Puck if Titania has awoken yet, and Puck tells him all about Titania’s passion for Bottom. Oberon is very pleased, and Puck goes on to tell him that he managed to drug the Athenian as well. Demetrius and Hermia enter, her accusing him of murdering Lysander. Demetrius is cagey at first, but then admits that he is no murderer and Lysander is still alive, as far as he knows. She leaves and he lies down to go to sleep, while Oberon realises that Puck has drugged the wrong man and demands that the fairy go and fetch Helena. Puck leaves while Oberon casts a spell to make Demetrius fall in love with Helena when he wakes up, and Puck soon returns with Helena and Lysander following behind. Their arguing awakens Demetrius, who promptly falls in love with Helena. Unfortunately, she believes that he is just conspiring with Lysander to make fun of her. Demetrius and Lysander argue with each other over who deserves Helena, and then Hermia enters. She is startled to find Lysander’s hatred of her, and Helena bitterly accuses her of being in on the joke as well. Demetrius and Lysander continue arguing and eventually agree to fight one another, “to try whose right / Or thine or mine is most in Helena.” Helena also leaves, disgusted with them all, and Hermia pursues her. Oberon angrily blames Puck for this outcome; Puck claims that it is not his fault but admits that he is enjoying the confusion he has caused. Oberon tells him to confuse Demetrius and Lysander in the woods so that they cannot find one another to fight, and once they sleep, to put a potion into Lysander’s eye to set him right. When the lovers awaken, they will think all this has been a dream, and will return to Athens to be married. Oberon, meanwhile, will go to ask Titania to give him her Indian prince, and then break her love-spell. Puck agree but reminds Oberon that this all must be done quickly: it is nearly dawn. Oberon leaves and Lysander enters, searching for Demetrius. Puck imitates Demetrius’s voice to taunt him and Lysander follows him out; Demetrius then enters and Puck pretends to be Lysander. Lysander enters once more, tired, confused, and angry, and so he lies down to sleep. Puck and Demetrius enter; Demetrius is also exhausted and also decides to sleep. Finally, Helena and Hermia enter one after the other and lie down to sleep as well. Puck squeezes the flower juice on Lysander’s eyes and bids him fall in love with Hermia once more.

Act Four
Scene 1: Woodland. Titania bids Bottom sit with her on a bed of flowers. Bottom orders the fairies to fetch him various things and then he and Titania snuggle down to sleep next to one another. Oberon and Puck enter, Oberon admitting that he has begun to feel sorry for her. She has willingly given him the prince, so he now tells Puck to remove the donkey’s head from Puck and send him back to Athens. Oberon himself cures Titania and awakens her. She sees him and is in love once more, telling him that she dreamt that she was in love with an ass. Oberon shows her the sleeping Bottom and she is disgusted. Oberon tells Puck to right Bottom and calls for music. He leads Titania away. Theseus, Hippolyta, and Egeus enter. They encounter the four Athenian lovers and assume they have risen early to observe the May-day rituals. Theseus bids huntsmen wake them with their horns. They wake and Lysander confesses that he and Hermia were fleeing Athens to marry. Egeus is furious and demands that Demetrius join him in pursuing justice – but Demetrius announces that he now loves Helena and considers himslf engaged to her. Theseus announces that he is overruling Egeus’s will and wants the young lovers to marry at the same time as his marriage to Hippolyta. He, Hippolyta, and Egeus leave. Confused, the lovers follow behind. Bottom then wakes up and believes all that has happened to him to be a dream. He leaves, planning to have Quince write him a ballad for the play all about his dreamland adventures.
Scene 2: Quince’s house. Quince asks the other actors if they have heard from Bottom. They haven’t, and the play may have to be cancelled if he is not found as no one else has the skill to play Pyramus. Snug enters with news that more people are to be married. Bottom then arrives; his fellow actors are overjoyed but he insists on hurrying on with the preparations for the play.

Act Five
Scene 1: Theseus’s palace. Theseus, Hippolyta,and Philostrate enter with lords and Attendants. Theseus and Hippolyta puzzle over the story that the young lovers have told them: Theseus doesn’t believe a word of it but Hippolyta doesn’t understand how they could have all told the same story. The other four then enter and Theseus calls for some entertainment. Philostrate shows him the programme – and Theseus rejects everything except for Quince’s play. Philostrate warns him against it, but Theseus is intrigued, especially after he hears that it was prepared especially for the occasion, and insists on seeing it, “For never any thing can be amiss / When simpleness and duty tender it.” The play begins and the audience makes fun of it. Eventually, Theseus cuts off the ending and sends everyone to bed.
Scene 2. Puck enters and reflects upon nighttime being fairy time. Oberon, Titania, and their train enter and sing and dance a blessing upon the three mortal couples.

The Comical Revenge (Etherege, 1664)

Setting: London.

Act One
Scene 1: Ante-chamber to Sir Frederick Frolick’s bedchamber. Frolick’s French manservant Dufoy enters with a plaster on his head, followed by Beaufort’s Clerk. Dufoy is in a bad mood and threatens to leave England forever: last night he recommended that Frolick go to bed but Frolick was drunk and struck him over the head. The Clerk sympathises but ultimately just wants to see Frolick.
Scene 2: Frolick’s bedchamber. Dufoy enters and complains about his head to Frolick, who is in bed. Frolick expresses some apology after being pressed, and offers to pay for the plaster; Dufoy is not really mollified, but announces the Clerk. Frolick considers that drunkenness is not so wrong: “I am of opinion tħat drunkenness is not so / Damnable a sin to me as ’tis to many; Sorrow / And Repentance are sure to be my first Work / The next morning.” The Clerk’s message is brief, letting Frolick know that Beaufort (his cousin) will call on him later. He leaves, and Dufoy tells Frolick of all the people who have besieged the house after his drunken night. Frolick tells Dufoy to dismiss them all, except for the chambermaid. He will deal with her himself. Jenny, “Wheadle’s Wenches Maid,” enters, furious that Frolick came to her mistress’s house at two o’clock in the morning and wouldn’t stop knocking on the door; they are worried that they must now move as he bothered all the neighbours: “Because we would not let you in at that / Unseasonable hour, you and your rude / Ranting Companions hoop’d and hollow’d like / Mad-men and roar’d out in the Streets, / A whore, a whore, a whore; you need not have / Knock’d good people out of their Beds, you / Might have met with them had been good / Enough for your purpose abroad.” He apologises and tries to hug her. She threatens to scream and tells him that her mistress will never see him again. Beaufort then enters; Frolick covers Jenny’s mouth so that she can’t tell him anything, but she is defiant: “Pray tell the Consequence, how you march’d / Bravely at the rere of an Army of / Link-boys; upon the sudden, how you gave / Defiance, and then wag’d a bloody war with / Constable; and having vanquish’d that / Dreadful enemy, how you committed a general / Massacre on the glass-windows: Are not these / Most honourable atchievements, such as will be / Registred to your eternal Fame, by the most / Learn’d Historians of Hicks’s Hall.” He flirts with her a little in whispers, and she weakens. She and Dufoy insult one another and both leave. Alone, Frolick tells Beaufort all about Wheadle, the man who keeps Jenny’s mistress. Wheadle is good friends with Sir Nicholas Culley, “one whom Oliver, for the / Transcendent knavery and disloyalty of / His Father, has dishonoured with Knight-hood; / A fellow as poor in experience as in parts, / And one that has a vain-glorious humor to gain a / Reputation amongst the Gentry, by feigning good nature, and / An affećtion to the King and his Party.” Frolick sometimes socialises with them both, and knows that they rack up many bills. Beaufort happily tells his cousin of his inevitable marriage to Graciana. Frolick is cynical but Beaufort brushes him off and invites him as his guest to Lord Bevill’s dinner table. Frolick was meant to dine with his mistress, Lucy, but decides to break that date. Beaufort tells him that Bevill’s sister, a wealthy widow, will also be there, and she has designs on Frolick.
Scene 3: Wheadle’s lodgings. Wheadle consoles Thomas Palmer, who has had great gambling losses, telling of his friend Cully, who pays most of his bills. He tells Palmer to disguise himself like a thrifty man just come up from the country and to meet him at the Devil Inn at three o’clock. Palmer leaves and Cully enters. Palmer lies, telling him that they have been invited to a rendezvous with a newly-married woman who dislikes her husband. Cully is very interested and Palmer tells him to meet him at the Devil at three.
Scene 4: Lord Bevill’s house. Aurelia hands her sister Graciana a love-letter from Colonel Bruce but she rejects it. Aurelia berates her but they are interrupted by the arrival of their father Bevill, their brother Lovis, and their aunt, the Widow Rich. Lovis is concerned that their family honour is in question as Bevill encouraged Bruce to court Graciana, but now the match is off. Bevill shuts him down. They all go off to dine – except for Aurelia, who lingers to reflect upon how she is secretly in love with Bruce herself.

Act Two
Scene 1: Bevill’s house. The Clerk remarks that Dufoy is looking unwell after the wound that Frolick gave him, but Dufoy says he is wrong: it is actually because he has lost money to an English whore. The Clerk leaves and Frolick enters with the Widow and her maid Betty, flirting. They turn to Dufoy, who claims to be heartbroken over Betty. Betty is outraged at the accusation and leaves. Frolick and the Widow continue their flirtations and wander off to walk in the park.
Scene 2: Bevill’s garden. Beaufort and Graciana are walking and discussing how open they have been about their love for one another. Graciana is worried that she has not been as discreet as a woman should be: “Our weaker Sex glories in a Surprise, / We boast the sudden Conquests of our Eyes; / But Men esteem a Fo that dares contend, / One that with noble Courage does defend, / A wounded Heart; the Victories they gain / Tħey prize by their own hazard and their pain.” Lovis passes through and Beaufort greets him but is rebuffed. Graciana weeps: she is worried that her brother is going mad. Beaufort tries to comfort her: “Your Brother is a Man, whose noble Mind / Was to severest Virtue still inclin’d; / He in the School of Honor has been bređ, / And all her subtle Laws with heed has read.” Graciana explains that Lovis is good friends with Bruce, who wants to marry her, and Bruce has been pressuring Lovis to make the match. Frolick and the Widow enter and invite Beaufort and Graciana to join them at the park. They also invite Aurelia, who has just entered with her maid Leticia, but she declines and so the party leaves, with only Aurelia and Leticia remaining. Aurelia confesses that she is unhappy in love and Leticia tells her that she has also been heartbroken, by a man from a higher social class than she. She tells Aurelia that time will heal her pain and the two women sing together, then Leticia recommends that Aurelia try and rest.
Scene 3: Tavern. At the Devil, Wheadle gives Palmer’s footboy a letter and tells him to give it back to him when Cully arrives. Palmer (disguised as a “Buckinghamshire Grasier”) and Cully soon enter and the footboy dutifully gives Wheadle the letter. Wheadle reads it and pretends to be displeased; when Cully asks what it says, Wheadle gives it to him: it is a cancellation of their rendezvous, as the lady has to go to Greenwich with her husband. Cully calls for wine to improve their evening and Palmer sings a drinking song before leaving on false business. Wheadle tells Cully all about Palmer’s position as a grasier, telling him that he is very wealthy and encouraging him to con him out of his money. Palmer returns with a great deal of money and there is more singing and drinking. Wheadle tells Cully to call for dice so that he can begin to trick Palmer, and then men march off into another room to commence gambling.

Act Three
Scene 1: Tavern. The gambling has finished and Cully owes Palmer a lot of money – that he is reluctant to pay. He would rather fight, and Wheadle takes Cully’s side. They agree to meet and fight the following morning at eight, and Wheadle and Cully leave, laughing.
Scene 2: Covent Garden. Frolick enters with fiddlers and link-boys and borrows a bell from a bell-man. He proceeds to make a great racket outside the Widow’s house and her maid comes to the window. He is rude to her and she is quickly replaced by the Widow herself. She is unimpressed by his antics and leaves, but returns when he orders the fiddlers to sing a song about her. He eventually convinces her to let him in. Before he enters, he runs into Palmer, who tells him of his plot to “bubble” Cully.
Scene 3: Widow’s house. Frolick flirts with the Widow and kisses her but she is not so easily won over. He calls in his fiddlers and link-boys, who are actually dancing-masters in disguise, and they put on an entertainment for the Widow. Afterwards, Frolick asks the Widow to let him stay the night, but she sends him on his way.
Scene 4: Frolick’s lodging. Dufoy and the Clerk gossip about Frolick being out so late. Dufoy tells the Clerk how he came to work for Frolick, with the foot-boy rudely interjecting periodically. A foot-man then enters to summon Dufoy to see the apothecary outside.
Scene 5: Field. Wheadle and Cully arrive to fight a duel; Cully wishes that they’d got his neighbour Colonel Hewson to send some musketeers his way, but Wheadle points out that then his honour would be in question. At first it seems as though Palmer will not arrive, but he shortly enters with his second. Cully is very nervous. The men strip and measure swords, but Cully dithers: “I will not rend the buttons from my / Doublet for no mans pleasure.” Wheadle and Palmer’s second fight but when Palmer turns to Cully, Cully changes his mind: “My Conscience will not let me fight in a wrong / Cause; I will pay the money, I have fairly lost it.” Wheadle expresses his disgust at Cully’s fear and wants to fight anyway. Wheadle is held back, however, and Palmer’s second produces a judgement of debt for Cully to sign, which he duly does. Palmer and his second ride off to the tavern, singing, and Cully and Wheadle slink away.
Scene 6: Bevill’s house. Lovis is begging his father to protect the family honour, but Bevill rebukes his insolence and leaves. Lovis reflects on the nature of beauty, until he is joined by Bruce. Bruce is in a good mood, hoping to soon be united with Graciana, but Lovis bitterly wishes her dead. Before he can explain, Aurelia enters, and it falls upon her to tell Bruce that Graciana has fallen in love with another. Bruce is devastated, but admits that she probably pitied rather than loved him all along. Lovis is very angry for him, and disgusted by Beaufort’s foreign ways, and when a servant enters with news that Beaufort and Graciana are walking in the garden, insists that Bruce go and challenge him. Bruce is initially reluctant but Lovis goads him on until the two leave to confront Beaufort, to Aurelia’s horror.
Scene 7: Bevill’s garden. Beaufort and Graciana are talking of Bruce, when Bruce and Lovis pop out and surprise them! Bruce insists that she is his but Beaufort intervenes. Graciana tries to calm them both down but they continue arguing. In their heat, they agree to meet and fight at a later date, and it is only Graciana holding Beaufort back that stops them from fighting immediately. Bruce and Lovis leaves and Beaufort berates Graciana for restraining him. She begs him not to fight, and he calms himself.

Act Four
Scene 1. Lovis and Beaufort have just settled the terms of the duel, and Lovis leaves. Frolick enters to offer to act as Beaufort’s second – although he does remind him that Graciana does not want him to fight. Beaufort is firm, however: “Cousin, my love to her cannot make me forget my duty / To my Family.” They leave to prepare for the duel.
Scene 2. Palmer (dressed like Bevill) and Wheadle await Cully; when they hear him coming, Palmer slips away. Cully, dressed in clothes to rival Frolick in the hope of marrying the Widow. Wheadle assures him that the Widow has been told very good things about him, and the two leave to go to the tavern for wine.
Scene 3. Palmer flirts with Grace, Wheadle’s mistress who is dressed like the Widow. Wheadle enters with Cully, hugely drunk, and is introduced to Palmer (who is still in disguise as Bevill). Palmer leaves to fetch his “sister” while Cully and Wheadle discuss the prospect of smashing the windows with their swords; when Palmer returns, he has Grace with him, whom he introduces as the Widow. She flirts and drinks with Cully, who suggests that they go for a night-time walk together, telling her about all of the pranks he will play: “Thou shalt be witness how many Constables / Staves I’le break about the Warchmens ears: / How many Bell-men I’le rob of their Verses, / To furnish a little Appartment in the back-side / Of my Lodging.” They all agree that Cully and the “Widow” should marry and have many children, and when Grace leaves, Cully chases off after her. Wheadle is very pleased with how things are progressing: as long as Cully can be kept drunk, he will marry Grace and then Wheadle and Palmer will have control over his estate.
Scene 4: Field. Bruce and Lovis “traverse the Stage.” Four or five men then enter, “unacquainted with Compassion,” in order to find and kill Bruce. They are acting on a revenge plot from the first man, who hates Bruce for killing his father at the Battle of Naseby. When another man doubtfully suggests that the father was fairly killed, the first man doesn’t care. For years he tried to have him killed by legal means by falsely accusing him to Cromwell – but his plot has been discovered and Bruce has been released from prison, so the man must find another way to get revenge. The other men, being hired assassins, accept this, and they all exit. Bruce and Lovis enter, then Beaufort and Frolick “at another door.” Bruce thanks Lovis for his loyalty to him, but Lovis tells him to think nothing of it: “Shou’d I your friendship and my Honour rate / Below the value of a poor Estate, / A heap of dirt! Our Family has been / To blame, my blood must here atone the sin.” The villains then enter and, their leader pulling off his mask, attack Bruce and Lovis. Outmatched by sheer number, they are saved by Beaufort and Frolick, who enter and are horrified by the sight: “Heavens! what’s this I see! Sir Frederick, draw; / Their blood’s too good to grace such / Villains Swords, Courage, brave men; now / We can match their Force.” The four heroes manage to beat the villains down, making them run off, and they agree not to pursue them as they are “not worth pursuit.” Bruce thanks Beaufort for his help, but Beaufort explains that “We come to conquer, Bruce, and not to see / Such Villains rob us of our victory. / Your lives our fatal swords claim as their due; / W’ad wrong’d our selves had we not righted you.” He, Lovis, and Frolick begin to strip for the fight, but Bruce wavers: would it be right to fight the man who just saved his life? He offers to allow Beaufort to wound him, to satisfy honour, but this disgusts Beaufort, who insists on combat: “I come to conquer bravely in the Field, / Not to take poor revenge on such as yield. / Has nothing pow’r, too backward man, to move / Thy Courage? Think on thy neglected Love: / Think on the beauteous Graciana‘s Eyes; / ‘Tis I have robb’d thee of that glorious prize.” At these words, Bruce is moved to fight, and “strips hastily.” The men all fight, and eventually Beaufort manages to disarm Bruce. He returns him his sword and permits him to live. Lovis is disgusted at the “bloodless Field.” Bruce admires Beaufort’s honour and courage and thanks him for his generosity in giving him his life twice – but he can never overcome the loss of Graciana, and so he falls on his sword. Beaufort runs to take him in his arms and Lovis, devastated, tries to fall on his sword as well, and is only prevented from doing so by Frolick. Bruce still lives but is badly injured and wants to make a second attempt, but Lovis reprimands him: “Look on your Friend; your drooping Country view; / And think how much they both expect from you. / You for a Mistress waste that precious blood, / Which shou’d be spent but for our Masters good.” Beaufort, Lovis, and Frolick carry Bruce out to recover at the nearest house.
Scene 5. Graciana is weeping at the thought of the duel, when Bevill enters with the news that Bruce has killed himself for her after losing the battle. Having conveyed this, he leaves, only to be replaced by Aurelia, who is also weeping. She condemns her sister and leaves. Graciana wonders how best to proceed with honour. Beaufort enters, hoping for approval for his victory – but Graciana is furious for fighting after she had begged him to control his anger. She leaves, telling him that she hates him now, leaving Beaufort to ponder the twists of fate.
Scene 6: Widow’s house. Betty the maid tells Leticia how she has spiked Dufoy’s drink with opium and discovered that diseased, and he now lies drugged. A coach-man enters with a tub with holes made for arms, legs, and head, and puts Dufoy inside it. They then summon a fiddler to play, and Dufoy awakens. He is furious to discover his condition; he argues with the maids and struggles to be free, but they just laugh and dance around him with the coach-man and other servants. Eventually, they leave him alone in his humiliation.
Scene 7. Frolick is brought in upon a bier, surrounded by mourners, while the Widow weeps. A mourner describes how Frolick was killed in the duel, and that he told him that he loved the Widow with his last breath. The Widow speaks of her deep sorrow, but then Dufoy enters in his tub and she shrieks and runs out. Frolick sits up, startling Dufoy, and the Widow re-enters, laughing. He tries to kiss her but she starts laughing again and he storms out. She reflects that he will have to be cleverer to make her admit her love for him.

Act Five
Scene 1: Bevill’s house. Lovis and a surgeon enter, with servants carrying Bruce on a chair. The surgeon is doing his best to cure Bruce, but he privately despairs to Lovis. Aurelia, who has just entered, overhears this and weeps. Bruce sees her and is touched by her pity. She confesses that it is more than pity she feels for him, and he begins to realise that he has been pursuing the wrong sister. Graciana enters, and Bruce reassures her that she has made a good choice in Beaufort. She tells him that while she is Beaufort’s by honour, if he dies she will never marry. Bruce protests: “Can you be mindful of so small a debt, / And that which you to Beaufort owe forget? / That will not honour but Injustice be, / Honour with Justice always does agree.” He breaks off, weak, and is taken away by servants. Everyone leaves except for Graciana, who considers how she must pretend to hate Beaufort. Beaufort enters with a plea for her to be kind but she exits, leaving him to meditate on her refusal to reconsider.
Scene 2. Cully is drunk, “with a blind Fellow led before him playing on a Cymbal, follow’d by a number of boys hollowing, and persecuting him.” Cully chases them away with his sword, and, having reached the Widow’s house, announces his intention to serenade her. The Widow and Betty enter; the Widow tells Betty to release Dufoy when he wakes up. They are interrupted by Cully’s noise; Betty explains who he is, pointing out that his mother was her grandmother’s dairy-maid. The Widow’s servants take Cully’s sword from him and she tells them to take him away, while he tries to convince her that they are due to be married. They are interrupted by the clashing of swords outside, and a servant enters to tell them that Frolick is fighting with some bailiffs. The Widow hurries everyone out to help him, leaving Cully alone; Cully promptly falls asleep on the floor. Dufoy enters, wondering what’s going on, and Betty returns to tell him that Frolick is being arrested. She helps Dufoy out of the tub and he hurries off to help his master. The Widow returns and a servant tells her that he has been arrested over a debt of two hundred pounds. The Widow tells Betty to pay the debt with her own money and then bring Frolick to her house, but to make sure that Frolick does not realise that she is his benefactor. A foot-boy enters for Cully, who wakes up but is still too drunk to move. He wants to be taken to the Widow so the foot-boy lifts him up. Frolick enters with the bailiffs – who are actually the fiddlers in disguise! He questions Cully’s presence, and Cully informs him that he and the Widow are going to be married, before falling asleep again. Frolick and the Widow continue flirting, but are interrupted by Dufoy, who enters wearing a helmet and carrying a sword. He begins to attack the fiddlers, who protest that they are not really bailiffs and call for Frolick for help. The Widow is angry at being tricked and tells him that she is tempted to marry Cully in revenge. She orders him away and leaves, although he is convinced that she will change her mind soon. A servant enters to pick up Cully, telling Frolick that there is a man disguised as Bevill waiting outside. Cully repeats that he will marry the Widow and Frolick understands Wheadle’s plan. He leaves to find out more, and Cully and Dufoy begin to argue. Cully pulls Dufoy’s nose, but then falls down and Dufoy begins to beat him. Frolick and Palmer enter, and Frolick decides to end the charade. He pulls off Palmer’s disguise and Cully is drunkenly surprised. He tells Frolick that he owes Palmer money in a judgement, which Frolick demands to see. Reluctantly, Palmer hands it over, and admits that the “Widow” is simply Wheadle’s mistress Grace. Frolick offers Cully the opportunity to marry his sister (ugly but wealthy), and the two go off to get her consent, leaving Palmer to lament his bad fortune.
Scene 6: Garden. Graciana walks with Leticia, who has been gathering flowers. Leticia tells Graciana that Aurelia is with Bruce, and she sings to her. Graciana sighs over Beaufort, who has just entered. Startled, he hides himself and listens as Leticia suggests that she has been too hard on Beaufort and Graciana agrees to marry him if Bruce lives. At this, Beaufort reveals himself, but Graciana is alarmed and she and Leticia hurry off. Beaufort calls after her that Bruce’s wound is found to not be mortal, but she has already gone.
Scene 7: Lady Dawbwell’s house. Wheadle and Grace wonder why they have heard nothing from Palmer. Cully and Frolick enter; Wheadle is dismayed at Frolick’s presence but leads him away while leaving Cully and Grace alone. Unfortunately, he is arrested by bailiffs waiting for him outside. He owes money to Frolick; when he protests, they tell him that Palmer signed the debt over to him. Wheadle pleads for mercy and Frolick relents – provided that he marries Grace himself. Frolick will give Grace a thousand pounds to sweeten the deal, and also suggests that Palmer marry Jenny. These things being settled, Frolick takes Cully off to meet his sister at the Rose tavern.
Scene 8: Bevill’s house. Bevill, Bruce, Lovis, Beaufort, Graciana, and Aurelia enter, and Bruce confesses that he is now in love with Aurelia. Bevill gives his blessing to their marriage. With the knowledge that Bruce is recovering, Graciana happily agrees to marry Beaufort, and the men declare their friendship to one another. Frolick and Dufoy enter through one door, and the Widow and Betty through another. Frolick and the Widow dance around their relationship for a while, but then Bevill joins their hands and encourages their union. Dufoy then announces the arrival of Cully, Palmer, Wheadle, and their brides. Frolick chooses this moment to reveal that Cully has not married his sister at all, but rather his old mistress Lucy. There is nothing to be done, however, and Cully decides to keep her, for fear of making himself look foolish. As a final act, Frolick organises a match between Dufoy and Betty, and everyone celebrates with a wedding dance.

Endymion; or, The Man in the Moon (Lyly, 1588)

Act One
Scene 1. Endymion confesses to his friend Eumenides that he has fallen in love with the moon, Cynthia. Eumenides tries to convince him to think rationally – the moon is incapable of love – but Endymion is stubborn, and rants about how Cynthia is more constant and more beautiful than all other mistresses. Eumenides recommends sleep (which Endymion angrily rejects), and decides to follow him, to ensure that he does not become more mad.
Scene 2. Tellus, Endymion’s former mistress, is furious that he has thrown her over for Cynthia, and demands revenge. Her maid Floscula tries to calm her down, reminding her that she owes all that she has to Cynthia. Tellus is as stubborn as Endymion, however, and vows to cast a magic spell to make him fall in love with her again so that she can make him unhappy.
Scene 3. Dares and Samias, the pages of Endymion and Eumenides, look forward to making mischief while their masters are occupied with love. Sir Tophas enters with his page, Epiton, forswearing love: it is simply a poet’s ruse to become rich. He spies Dares and Samias and mistakes them for wrens, and only Epiton is able to convince him not to shoot them. He agrees that the two boys should be his “half-friends,” as they are not tall enough to be full friends, and boasts to them of their masters’ lack of military prowess compared to himself. Dares and Samias ask Tophas mocking questions, and he continues to make ridiculous boasts. The group then part: Dares and Samias in search of their masters, and Tophas and Epiton to the field for fighting and fishing.
Scene 4. Tellus and Floscula encounter Dipsas the wise woman, who tells them that she can do anything except make people fall in love with others. However, she can convince the moon that Endymion is unfaithful to her, which Tellus accepts.

Act Two
Scene 1. Endymion makes a long, lovesick speech in praise of Cynthia, but quietens down when he sees Tellus coming. They dance around the subject of love, Endymion telling her that Cynthia is the only woman who does not dissemble. She accuses him of being in love with Cynthia; he goes off to gaze upon her.
Scene 2. Dares and Samias have met up with some women, Scintilla and Favilla, and are telling them about their lovesick masters. The women squabble, with the pages and with each other, but the pages manage to calm them down. They encourage them to make fun of Tophas by pretending to be in love with him. Tophas enters and boasts about doing battle with a monstrous sheep, which he plans to eat. Scintilla and Favilla profess their love, but (although unsurprised) Tophas disdains it: “[M]y tough heart receiveth no impression with sweet words. Mars may pierce it, Venus shall not paint on it.” He leaves to fight the sheep.
Scene 3. Endymion tries to sleep, but is preoccupied with his thoughts of Cynthia, and cannot stop comparing Tellus to her. He eventually talks himself to sleep, and Dipsas creeps forward to cast her spell: Endymion will sleep for many years and will not awaken until he is old. She bids her servant, Bagoa, watch over him while she finishes her ceremonies. Bagoa expresses regret for what Tellus has planned, but abides by Dipsas’s demands for loyalty and silence.
A dumb show with music. Three women enter; one, encouraged by another, makes to stab Endymion while the third looks on unhappily. The would-be murderer looks in a mirror and puts her knife down.
An old man offers Endymion leaves from a book; Endymion rejects the first two but accepts the third.

Act Three
Scene 1. Cynthia wonders at Endymion’s deep sleep, and asks the other characters what they make of it. Tellus gives an impertinent answer, and Cynthia sends her off to live in a castle in the desert, where she will weave. Cynthia then sends Eumenides and two other lords off to foreign lands to find a cure for Endymion’s sleep.
Scene 2. Cynthia’s servant Corsites has brought Tellus to the castle. Tellus doesn’t care: “Cynthia may restrain the liberty of my body, of my thoughts she cannot; and therefore I do esteem myself most free, though I am in greatest bondage.” Corsites, a military man, tries to flirt with her, telling her that she “must not think soldiers so rough hewn, or of such knotty metal, that beauty cannot allure.” He promises to bring her anything she desires.
Scene 3. Tophas asks Epiton for help: he has fallen for Dipsas. He rids himself of his knightly possessions and reflects on her “beauty,” then falls asleep. Dares and Samias enter, and Epiton tells them of his master’s new love. They make fun of what his married life will be like with her, then sing loudly to wake him up. Tophas begs them to plead his cause to Dipsas.
Scene 4. On his way to Thessaly, Eumenides encounters Geron, who tells him that he can simply see the cure by looking into the bottom of a nearby fountain, provided that he is faithful – unlikely, he adds, as most people are not truly faithful. Eumenides reflects upon his own love, Semele, and the uncertainty of whether or not she is faithful. He cries, and looking into the fountain see the words: “ask once for all, and but one thing at all.” Geron is impressed: he can’t see anything, so Eumenides must be true. Eumenides is now torn as to whether he should go to Semele or continue searching for Endymion’s cure; Geron, remarking on the rarity of friendship and that fact that love can fade, recommends Endymion, and Eumenides agree. He looks into the fountain again and asks how he can cure Endymion. He receives a cryptic answer, but luckily Geron is still on hand to help interpret it: Cynthia must kiss Endymion while he sleeps. Geron offers to accompany him to Cynthia, who is responsible for his own troubles.

Act Four
Scene 1. Tellus wonders why Corsites, notoriously a cruel guard, is so nice to her, and suspects that he may have fallen in love with her. She doesn’t care, though, as she is still in love with Endymion and regrets her plot against him. She decides to flirt with Corsites, and convinces him to move Endymion’s body to a cave; if he does this, she promises to marry him. Corsites is happy to agree, but reminds her that they must hide their love from Cynthia.
Scene 2. Epiton complains about Tophas to Dares and Samias; Tophas is in a bad mood because he cannot lodge with Endymion. Epiton resolves to find the magic fountain to help him to cure Endymion. The pages want to see Endymion, but are prevented by the watches whom Cynthia have placed over over him. They all sing a song about watchmen.
Scene 3. Corsites attempts to shift Endymion, but he is too heavy. Frustrated (for he is known for his strength), Corsites keeps trying, until some fairies appear, and dance around him and pinch him until he falls asleep. They then kiss Endymion and sing a song. Cynthia enters, rebuking Pythagoras, who is humbled. Neither he or Gypton have any ideas on curing Endymion. Semele is silent, for fear of offending Cynthia – who takes offence anyway, and tells her that if she speaks for the next year, she will lose her tongue. Cynthia then looks on Endymion, and is dismayed to see that he has aged during his sleep. She is alarmed to see Corsites, black-and-blue from the fairies, and has him woken. Corsites confesses his crime. Cynthia is surprised: “In love! a thing unfitting the name of a captain, and (as I thought) the tough and unsmoothed nature of Corsites.” She forgives him, however, and heals his wounds. Corsites now hates Tellus, however, for her treachery. Returning to the problem of Endymion, the philosophers confirm that there is nothing to be done to help him; all they can do is wait for the witch who cursed him to die, and set a watch over him.

Act Five
Scene 1. Eumenides brings Cynthia to Endymion; she is uncertain of the cure he has suggested but kisses Endymion anyway. He awakens and is alarmed to discover that he has been asleep for forty years and is now an old man. Cynthia asks him what he saw in his dreams, and he relates the events of the dumb show. Endymion and Eumenides then begin the renewal of their friendship.
Scene 2. Tophas tells Epiton all about the delights and frustrations of love, and defends his love for Dipsas. Samias and Dares appear and tell him that they have just spoken to Dipsas, who has announced she can love no one who has teeth or nails, but Tophas agrees to this. The pages become nervous as they never spoke to Dipsas, so tell Tophas that Dipsas’s husband has arrived home. Tophas is devastated, and asked them to find another old matron he can love.
Scene 3. Panelion and Zontes gossip about Tellus; the servant Bagoa has betrayed her and in a rage Dipsas has turned Bagoa into a tree. Cynthia berates Dipsas for her treatment of her ex-husband Geron and Endymion, and then Tellus for her cruelty. Tellus is sorry and confesses that love made her do it. Endymion declares that he is only loyal to Cynthia; Cynthia is delighted and makes him young again. Eumenides admits that he loves Semele, and Cynthia is moved to remove the curse from her so that they can be together. She then suggests that Tellus and Corsites marry, to which they agree. Finally, she tells Dipsas that if she gives up witchcraft, she can marry Geron once more. Things look well – but then Tophas complains that he has no one to love! Cynthia transforms Bagoa back into a woman. Everyone leaves to celebrate in Cynthia’s court.

Notes
First performed at Greenwich Palace in February 1588 by the Children of Paul’s. Sources inc. Ovid, Lucian, Apollonius of Rhodes. Dumb show first appears in the 1632 quarto.

Friar Bacon and and Friar Bungay (Greene, 1588-92)

Setting: England, reign of Henry III.
Scene 1: Court. Despite recently going hunting, Prince Edward is depressed, a fact that his friends have noticed: “Alate we ran the deer, and through the lawndes / Stript with our nags the lofty frolic bucks / That scudded fore the teasers like the wind: / Near was the deer of merry Fressingfield / So lustily pulled down by jolly mates, / Nor shared the farmers such fat venison, / So frankly dealt, this hundred years before; / Nor have I seen my lord more frolic in the chase; / And now – changed to a melancholy dump?” Edward is in love with an innkeeper’s daughter, Margaret of Fressingfield. Ralph Simnell, the fool, concocts a scheme to help him to seduce her: they will go to Oxford to see Friar Bacon, who will use magic arts to enable Edward to seduce Margaret. “[I]t must be necromantic spells / And charms of art that must enchain her love.” Margaret, along with everyone else in Oxford, does not realise that Edward is a prince. Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, is commissioned to talk to Margaret and discover if she loves him; Ralph meanwhile will disguise himself as Edward and remain at Court.
Scene 2: Oxford. Friar Bacon boasts of his magical skill to the academics who have come in search of him. He conjures up the hostess from the Bell at Henley-upon-Thames and a devil, in order to show his power; the hostess describes how one of the academics, Burden, visits her nightly. The academics are in awe. Bacon also has a magical Brazen Head that he has spent seven years perfecting, which he plans to use to encircle all of Britain with a protective wall of brass.
Scene 3: Fressingfield. Lacy has infiltrated the company of Margaret and her country friends. He mentions Edward to her; she is coy but has actually fallen in love with Lacy.
Scene 4: Court. Henry III meets with the Emperor of Germany and the King of Castile to arrange a marriage between Elinor of Castile and Edward. His welcome is cordial: “Great men of Europe, monarchs of the west, / Ring’d with the walls of old Oceanus, / Whose lofty surge is like the battlements / That compassed high-built Babel in with towers, / Welcome, my lords, welcome brave western kings / To England’s shore, whose promontory cleeves / Show Albion is another little world.” They all decide to ride to Oxford to meet Edward, so that the guests may see the university.
Scene 5: Oxford. Edward and his friends are disguised and encounter Bacon, who is disparaging and beating his scholar Miles. Bacon insults the other men, who find themselves magically unable to draw their swords in retaliation. Bacon reveals that he knows everything and Edward begs him to help. Bacon offers to take him into his study and show him a magic mirror.
Scene 6: Bacon’s study. Bacon and Edward watch Margaret with Friar Bungay, who informs her of Edward and Lacy’s plan. They then see Lacy, who reflects on his attraction to Margaret and his loyalty to Edward, before deciding to marry Margaret secretly before she can be debauched. He begins to profess his love for her, but is interrupted by Bungay, who slyly informs him that Lacy’s presence is known in town. Margaret interrupts, telling Lacy that she knows his true identity. They agree to marry then and there; Edward, still watching, is enraged. He commands Bacon to stop the wedding; Bacon complies and Bungay is muted and then carried off by a devil.
Scene 7: Regent House. The three scholars discuss the royal visit to Oxford and plan to stage some plays as entertainment. The Emperor is bringing a famous German scholar, Vandermast, and they decide that they must convince Bacon to debate him so that England is not disgraced. The constable then enters with Ralph and the other courtiers, who have been arrested for brawling in a pub. Ralph continues the facade that he is Edward but the scholars aren’t convinced and sentence them to prison. The courtiers reveal their true identities and the scholars permit them to go free.
Scene 8: Fressingfield. Edward confronts Lacy and Margaret, threatening to kill his former friend. Margaret promises that if he does, she will kill herself. The two suggest that Edward simply kill them both, and this spurs Edward to realise his wrong and bless their marriage. Edward and Lacy resolve to go to Oxford to hear the debate between Bacon and Vandermast, but promise to return to Margaret.
Scene 9: Oxford. Emperor: “Trust me, Plantagenet, these Oxford schools / Are richly seated near the river side; / The mountains full of fat and fallow deer, / The battling pastures lain with kine and flocks, / The town gorgeous with high-built colleges, / And scholars seemly in the grave attire, / Learning in searching principles of art.” Bungay begins a debate with Vandermast about English versus German learning, and conjures up a “tree leav’d with refined gold, / Whereon the fearful dragon held his seat, / That watch’d the garden call’d Hesperides, / Subdued and won by conquering Hercules.” In response, Vandermast conjures up Hercules, who begins destroying the tree. Bungay is crushed but Bacon then enters, who prevents Hercules from further destruction, and whisks Vandermast and Hercules back the Hapsburg – much to Henry’s delight. He then excuses himself. Edward enters with his friends, and is struck by Elinor’s beauty. A match is contemplated between them, and their fathers express their pleasure. Bacon and Miles offer up some pottage to their guests, who scorn it.
Scene 10: Fressingfield. Two of the country squires make offers to the innkeeper for Margaret’s hand, but he tells them that Margaret must choose. She manages to delay making a decision, promising that she will choose one of them in ten days’ time. They are content and leave; meanwhile, Margaret receives a letter from Lacy, telling her that he is going to marry one of Elinor’s ladies-in-waiting and giving her a hundred pounds. Margaret vows to confine herself to a nunnery.
Scene 11: Bacon’s study. Bacon is exhausted and commands Bacon to watch over the Brazen Head. The Head speaks “Time is,” “Time was,” and “Time is past,” and is destroyed by a hand wielding a hammer. Bacon awakens and is distraught at the Head’s destruction, for it means the loss of his own powers.
Scene 11: Oxford. Ralph fools that he will marry Elinor. Lacy tells everyone of Margaret’s beauty and Henry is interested, telling him to send for her from Fressingfield to allow them to marry.
Scene 12: Bacon’s study. Bacon is in a deep depression because his Brazen Head is broken. Two young scholars come knocking to ask if they can use Bacon’s magical mirror to see how their fathers fare. Bacon agrees, and it turns out that their fathers are the two squires who are rivals for Margaret. The squires stab one another to death, and, watching grief-struck, the scholars do likewise. Bacon is appalled by what has happened, and smashes the mirror, expressing his regret for ever meddling in magic. He vows to spend the rest of his life in devotion to God.
Scene 13: Fressingfield. Margaret’s father begs his daughter, already wearing nun’s apparel, not to join a nunnery. Lacy enters and is amazed to see her, and explains that he was simply testing her fidelity, but is now ready to marry her. Margaret explains that she has already made her vow, which cannot be taken back. Lacy’s friends remind her that life at court might offer more pleasure than years in a nunnery. Margaret yields and they all go off to celebrate with a breakfast of meat, cheese, and wine.
Scene 14: Oxford(?) Bacon has persuaded a devil to hunt down Miles in revenge for breaking the Brazen Head. He is no longer interested in magic, explaining: “Bacon must be damned / For using devils to countervail his God. / Yet, Bacon, cheer thee; drown not in despair, / Sins have their salves. Repentance can do much. / Think Mercy sits where Justice holds her seat, / And from those wounds those bloody Jews did pierce, / Which by thy magic oft did bleed afresh, / From thence to thee the dew of mercy drops / To wash the wrath of high Jehovah’s ire, / And make thee as a new-born babe from sin. / Bungay, I’ll spend the remnant of my life / In pure devotion, praying to my God / That he would save what Bacon vainly lost.” The devil tells Miles all about the pleasures of a tavern-like Hell, and Miles agrees to get on his back and ascend with him.
Scene 15: Court(?) Newly married, Edward swears loyalty to the Emperor and to Castile, and Margaret and Elinor express their happiness. Bacon gives out a prophecy in praise of Elizabeth I – “From forth the royal garden of a king / Shall flourish out so rich and fair a bud,” – and the wedding party leave for a feast.

Notes
Originally acted by Queen Elizabeth’s Men at Court (1588-92) and by Lord Strange’s Men at the Rose (1592). Dick Tarlton – Miles? Source: The Famous History of Friar Bacon (Anon., 1555?). Friar Bacon based on Roger Bacon; Friar Bungay on Thomas Bungay. Magic possibly inspired by Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus.